COINTELPRO memo proposing a plan to expose the pregnancy of actress, a financial supporter of the, hoping to 'possibly cause her embarrassment or tarnish her image with the general public'. Covert campaigns to publicly discredit activists and destroy their interpersonal relationships were a common tactic used by COINTELPRO agents.Cointelpro (portmanteau derived from PROgram) (1956–1971) was a series of and, at times, illegal projects conducted by the United States (FBI) aimed at surveilling, infiltrating, discrediting, and disrupting domestic. FBI records show that COINTELPRO resources targeted groups and individuals that the FBI deemed, including organizations, the, organizers, activists of the or (e.g., the, and the ), and organizations, the, independence movements (such as groups like the ), and a variety of organizations that were part of the broader.

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The program also targeted the in 1964.According to, in another instance in, the FBI financed, armed, and controlled an extreme right-wing group of former members of the anti-communist para-military organization, transforming it into a group called the Secret Army Organization that targeted groups, activists, and leaders involved in the Anti-War Movement, using both intimidation and violent acts.The FBI has used covert operations against domestic political groups since its inception; however, covert operations under the official COINTELPRO label took place between 1956 and 1971. COINTELPRO tactics are still used to this day and have been alleged to include discrediting targets through; smearing individuals and groups using forged documents and by planting false reports in the media; harassment; wrongful imprisonment; and illegal violence, including. The FBI's stated motivation was 'protecting, preventing violence, and maintaining the existing social and political order'.Beginning in 1969, leaders of the Black Panther Party were targeted by the COINTELPRO and 'neutralized' by being assassinated, imprisoned, publicly humiliated or falsely charged with crimes. Some of the Black Panthers affected included,. Common tactics used by COINTELPRO were perjury, witness harassment, witness intimidation, and withholding of evidence.issued directives governing COINTELPRO, ordering FBI agents to 'expose, disrupt, misdirect, discredit, or otherwise neutralize' the activities of these movements and especially their leaders.

Under Hoover, the agent in charge of COINTELPRO was. Attorney General personally authorized some of the programs. Although Kennedy only gave written approval for limited wiretapping of Martin Luther King's phones 'on a trial basis, for a month or so', Hoover extended the clearance so his men were 'unshackled' to look for evidence in any areas of King's life they deemed worthy.

Contents.History Centralized operations under COINTELPRO officially began in August 1956 with a program designed to 'increase factionalism, cause disruption and win defections' inside the (CPUSA). Tactics included anonymous phone calls, (IRS) audits, and the creation of documents that would divide the American communist organization internally. An October 1956 memo from Hoover reclassified the FBI's ongoing surveillance of black leaders, including it within COINTELPRO, with the justification that the movement was infiltrated. In 1956, Hoover sent an open letter denouncing Dr., a leader, surgeon, and wealthy entrepreneur in Mississippi who had criticized FBI inaction in solving recent murders of, and other African Americans in the South.

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When the (SCLC), an African-American civil rights organization, was founded in 1957, the FBI began to monitor and target the group almost immediately, focusing particularly on, and eventually. The ', that the FBI mailed anonymously to in an attempt to convince him to commitAfter the 1963, Hoover singled out King as a major target for COINTELPRO. Under pressure from Hoover to focus on King, Sullivan wrote:In the light of King's powerful demagogic speech. We must mark him now if we have not done so before, as the most dangerous Negro of the future in this nation from the standpoint of communism, the Negro, and national security.Soon after, the FBI was systematically bugging King's home and his hotel rooms, as they were now aware that King was growing in stature daily as the most prominent leader of the civil rights movement.In the mid-1960s, King began to publicly criticize the Bureau for giving insufficient attention to the use of by white supremacists. Hoover responded by publicly calling King the most 'notorious liar' in the United States. In his 1991 memoir, journalist asserted that the FBI had sent at least one anonymous letter to King encouraging him to commit suicide.

Historian documents an anonymous November 21, 1964 ' sent by the FBI that contained audio recordings, which were obtained through tapping King's phone and placing bugs throughout various hotel rooms over the past two years was created two days after the announcement of King's impending. The tape, which was prepared by FBI audio technician John Matter documented a series of King's sexual indiscretions combined with a letter telling him: 'There is only one way out for you. You better take it before your filthy, abnormal, fraudulent self is bared to the nation'. King was subsequently informed that the audio would be released to the media if he did not acquiesce and commit suicide prior to accepting his Nobel Peace Award. When King refused to satisfy their coercion tactics, FBI Associate Director, Cartha D. DeLoach, commenced a media campaign offering the surveillance transcript to various news organizations, including. And even by 1969, as has been noted elsewhere, 'FBI efforts to 'expose' Martin Luther King Jr.

Had not slackened even though King had been dead for a year. The Bureau furnished ammunition to opponents that enabled attacks on King's memory,. Tried to block efforts to honor the slain leader.' During the same period the program also targeted.

While an FBI spokesman has denied that the FBI was 'directly' involved in Malcolm's murder in 1965, it is documented that the Bureau worked to 'widen the rift' between Malcolm and through infiltration and the 'sparking of acrimonious debates within the organization', rumor-mongering, and other tactics designed to foster internal disputes, which ultimately led to Malcolm's assassination. The FBI heavily infiltrated Malcolm's in the final months of his life. The Pulitzer Prize-winning asserts that most of the men who plotted Malcolm's assassination were never apprehended and that the full extent of the FBI's involvement in his death cannot be known.Amidst the urban unrest of July–August 1967, the FBI began 'COINTELPRO–BLACK HATE', which focused on King and the SCLC, as well as the (SNCC), the, the, (CORE), and the. BLACK HATE established the and instructed 23 FBI offices to 'disrupt, misdirect, discredit, or otherwise neutralize the activities of black nationalist hate type organizations'.A March 1968 memo stated the program's goal was to 'prevent the coalition of militant black nationalist groups'; to 'Prevent the RISE OF A ' who could unify.

The militant black nationalist movement'; 'to pinpoint potential troublemakers and neutralize them before they exercise their potential for violence against authorities.' ; to 'Prevent militant black nationalist groups and leaders from gaining RESPECTABILITY, by discrediting them to. Both the responsible community and to liberals who have vestiges of sympathy.' ; and to 'prevent the long-range GROWTH of militant black organizations, especially among youth'. King was said to have potential to be the 'messiah' figure, should he abandon nonviolence and integrationism, and was noted to have 'the necessary charisma to be a real threat in this way' as he was portrayed as someone who espoused a much more militant vision of '.

While the FBI was particularly concerned with leaders and organizers, they did not limit their scope of target to the heads of organizations. Individuals such as writers were also listed among the targets of operations.This program coincided with a broader federal effort to prepare military responses for and began increased collaboration between the FBI, and the. The CIA launched its own domestic espionage project in 1967 called. A particular target was the, a national effort organized by King and the SCLC to occupy Washington, DC. The FBI monitored and disrupted the campaign on a national level, while using targeted smear tactics locally to undermine support for the march. The was another targeted organization, wherein the FBI collaborated to destroy the party from the inside out.Overall, COINTELPRO encompassed disruption and sabotage of the (1961), the (1964), the, the (1967), and the entire social/political movement, which included antiwar, community, and religious groups (1968).

A later investigation by the Senate's (see below) stated that 'COINTELPRO began in 1956, in part because of frustration with Supreme Court rulings limiting the Government's power to proceed overtly against dissident groups.' Official congressional committees and several court cases have concluded that COINTELPRO operations against communist and socialist groups exceeded statutory limits on FBI activity and violated constitutional guarantees of. Program exposure. The building broken into by the Citizen's Commission to Investigate the FBI, at One Veterans Square, Media, PennsylvaniaThe program was secret until 1971, when the burgled an FBI field office in, took several dossiers, and exposed the program by passing this material to news agencies. The boxing match, known as the, between and in March 1971 provided cover for the activist group to successfully pull off the burglary; Muhammad Ali was himself a COINTELPRO target due to his involvement with the Nation of Islam and the anti-war movement. Many news organizations initially refused to publish the information.

Within the year, Director J. Edgar Hoover declared that the centralized COINTELPRO was over, and that all future operations would be handled on a case-by-case basis.Additional documents were revealed in the course of separate lawsuits filed against the FBI by correspondent Carl Stern, the Socialist Workers Party, and a number of other groups. In 1976 the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities of the United States Senate, commonly referred to as the ' for its chairman, Senator of, launched a major investigation of the FBI and COINTELPRO. Many released documents have been partly or entirely.The Final Report of the Select Committee castigated the conduct of the intelligence community in its domestic operations (including COINTELPRO) in no uncertain terms:The Committee finds that the domestic activities of the intelligence community at times violated specific statutory prohibitions and infringed the constitutional rights of American citizens. The legal questions involved in intelligence programs were often not considered. On other occasions, they were intentionally disregarded in the belief that because the programs served the 'national security' the law did not apply.

While intelligence officers on occasion failed to disclose to their superiors programs which were illegal or of questionable legality, the Committee finds that the most serious breaches of duty were those of senior officials, who were responsible for controlling intelligence activities and generally failed to assure compliance with the law.Many of the techniques used would be intolerable in a democratic society even if all of the targets had been involved in violent activity, but COINTELPRO went far beyond that. The Bureau conducted a sophisticated vigilante operation aimed squarely at preventing the exercise of rights of speech and association, on the theory that preventing the growth of dangerous groups and the propagation of dangerous ideas would protect the national security and deter violence.The Church Committee documented a history of the FBI exercising political repression as far back as World War I, through the 1920s, when agents were charged with rounding up 'anarchists, communists, socialists, reformists and revolutionaries' for deportation. Body of, national spokesman for the, who was killed by members of the Chicago Police Department, as part of a COINTELPRO operation.According to attorney Brian Glick in his book War at Home, the FBI used five main methods during COINTELPRO:.

Infiltration: Agents and informers did not merely spy on political activists. Their main purpose was to discredit, disrupt and negatively redirect action.

Their very presence served to undermine trust and scare off potential supporters. The FBI and police exploited this fear to smear genuine activists as agents. Psychological warfare: The FBI and police used myriad 'dirty tricks' to undermine progressive movements. They planted false media stories and published bogus leaflets and other publications in the name of targeted groups. They forged correspondence, sent anonymous letters, and made anonymous telephone calls. They spread misinformation about meetings and events, set up pseudo movement groups run by government agents, and manipulated or strong-armed parents, employers, landlords, school officials, and others to cause trouble for activists.

They used to create suspicion about targeted activists, sometimes with lethal consequences. Harassment via the legal system: The FBI and police abused the legal system to harass dissidents and make them appear to be criminals. Officers of the law gave perjured testimony and presented fabricated evidence as a pretext for false arrests and wrongful imprisonment. They discriminatorily enforced tax laws and other government regulations and used conspicuous surveillance, 'investigative' interviews, and grand jury subpoenas in an effort to intimidate activists and silence their supporters. Illegal force: The FBI conspired with local police departments to threaten dissidents; to conduct illegal break-ins in order to search dissident homes; and to commit vandalism, assaults, beatings and assassinations. The objective was to frighten or eliminate dissidents and disrupt their movements. Undermine public opinion: One of the primary ways the FBI targeted organizations was by challenging their reputations in the community and denying them a platform to gain legitimacy.

Hoover specifically designed programs to block leaders from 'spreading their philosophy publicly or through the communications media'. Furthermore, the organization created and controlled negative media meant to undermine black power organizations.

For instance, they oversaw the creation of 'documentaries' skillfully edited to paint the Black Panther Party as aggressive, and false newspapers that spread misinformation about party members. The ability of the FBI to create distrust within and between revolutionary organizations tainted their public image and weakened chances at unity and public support.The FBI specifically developed tactics intended to heighten tension and hostility between various factions in the black power movement, for example between the Black Panthers and the.

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For instance, the FBI sent a fake letter to the US Organization exposing a supposed Black Panther plot to murder the head of the US Organization,. They then intensified this by spreading falsely attributed cartoons in the black communities pitting the Black Panther Party against the US Organization. This resulted in numerous deaths, among which were San Diego Black Panther Party members John Huggins, Bunchy Carter and Sylvester Bell. Another example of the FBI's anonymous letter writing campaign is how they turned the Blackstone Rangers head, Jeff Fort, against former ally Fred Hampton, by stating that Hampton had a hit on Fort. They also were instrumental in developing the rift between Black Panther Party leaders Eldridge Cleaver and Huey Newton, as executed through false letters inciting the two leaders of the Black Panther Party., a former Black Panther, reflects on how these tactics made him feel, saying he had a combat mentality and felt like he was at war with the government. When asked about why he thinks the Black Panthers were targeted he said, 'In the United States, the equivalent of the military was the local police. During the early sixties, at the height of the civil rights movement, and the human rights movement, the police in the United States became increasingly militaristic.

They began to train out of military bases in the United States. The Law Enforcement Assistance Act supplied local police with military technology, everything from assault rifles to army personnel carriers. In his opinion, the Counterintelligence Program went hand-in-hand with the militarization of the police in the Black community, with the militarization of police in America.' The FBI also conspired with the police departments of many U.S.

Cities (San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Oakland, Philadelphia, Chicago) to encourage repeated raids on Black Panther homes—often with little or no evidence of violations of federal, state, or local laws—which resulted directly in the police killing many members of the Black Panther Party, most notably Chicago Black Panther Party Chairman on December 4, 1969. Before the death of Hampton, long-term infiltrator, William O'Neal, shared floor plans of his apartment with the COINTELPRO team. He then gave Hampton a dose of secobarbital that rendered Hampton unconscious during the raid on his home.In order to eliminate black militant leaders whom they considered dangerous, the FBI is believed to have worked with local police departments to target specific individuals, accuse them of crimes they did not commit, suppress exculpatory evidence and falsely incarcerate them., a Black Panther Party leader, was incarcerated for 27 years before a California Superior Court vacated his murder conviction, ultimately freeing him. Appearing before the court, an FBI agent testified that he believed Pratt had been framed, because both the FBI and the Los Angeles Police Department knew he had not been in the area at the time the murder occurred.Some sources claim that the FBI conducted more than 200 ', which were warrantless surreptitious entries, against the targeted groups and their members.In 1969 the FBI special agent in San Francisco wrote Hoover that his investigation of the Black Panther Party had concluded that in his city, at least, the Panthers were primarily engaged in feeding breakfast to children. Hoover fired back a memo implying the agent's career goals would be directly affected by his supplying evidence to support Hoover's view that the Black Panther Party was 'a violence-prone organization seeking to overthrow the Government by revolutionary means'.Hoover supported using false claims to attack his political enemies.

In one memo he wrote: 'Purpose of counterintelligence action is to disrupt the Black Panther Party and it is immaterial whether facts exist to substantiate the charge.' In one particularly controversial 1965 incident, white civil rights worker was murdered by, who gave chase and fired shots into her car after noticing that her passenger was a young black man; one of the Klansmen was, an acknowledged FBI informant. The FBI spread rumors that Liuzzo was a member of the and had abandoned her children to have sexual relationships with involved in the. FBI records show that J. Blackstock, Nelson (1988). Cointelpro: The FBI's Secret War on Political Freedom.

Pathfinder Press. Carson, Clayborne; Gallen, David, eds. Malcolm X: The FBI File. Carroll & Graf Publishers.; Vander Wall, Jim (2002) 1988.

Churchill, Ward; Vander Wall, Jim (2002) 1990. South End Press. Cunningham, David (2004). There's Something Happening Here: The New Left, The Klan, and FBI Counterintelligence. University of California Press.

Davis, James Kirkpatrick (1997). Praeger Trade. Garrow, David (2006). The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr. (Revised ed.). Yale University Press. Glick, Brian (1989).

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Drabble, John. 'Fighting Black Power-New Left coalitions: Covert FBI media campaigns and American cultural discourse, 1967–1971,' European Journal of American Culture, 27:2, (2008): 65–91.FBI files.U.S. Government reports. Committee on Internal Security. Hearings on Domestic Intelligence Operations for Internal Security Purposes. 93rd Cong., 2d sess, 1974.

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